The Effect of Bagasse Ash and Rubber Tyre Waste in Concrete

Abstract
The utilization of industrial and agricultural waste produced by industrial process has been the focus on waste reduction research for economical, environmental and technical reasons. SCBA is a fibrous waste product of the sugar refining industry, along with ethanol vapour. Bagasse ash mainly contains aluminium ion and silica. The use of SCBA as a pozzolonic material for producing high strength concrete. OPC is partially replaced with finely SCBA. At present the disposal of waste tyre is becoming a major waste management problem in the world. In this project, the bagasse ash has been chemically and physically characterized and partially replaced in the ratio of 0%, 5%, 15% and 25% by weight of cement in concrete. The mix proportion for M30 grade concrete was derived. Rubber tyre waste has been used as coarse aggregate with replacement of conventional coarse aggregate and it is taken as constant of 10%.

INTRODUCTION 
Ordinary Portland cement is the most extensively used construction material in the world. Portland cement is the conventional building material that actually is responsible for about 5%-8% of global CO2 emissions. This environmental problem will most likely be increased due to exponential demand of Portland cement. Today we are focusing on ways of utilizing either industrial or agricultural waste, as a source of raw materials for industry. This waste, utilization would not only be economical, but may also result in foreign exchange earnings and environmental pollution control. Several researchers and even the Portland cement industry are investigating alternatives to produce green building materials. Industrial wastes, such as blast furnace slag, fly ash and silica fume are being used as supplementary cement replacement materials. Agro wastes such as rice husk ash, wheat straw ash, hazel nutshell and sugarcane bagasse ash are used as pozzolanic materials for the development of concrete. Currently, there has been an attempt to utilize the large amount of bagasse ash, the residue from an in-line sugar industry and the bagasse-biomass fuel in electric generation industry. When this waste is burned under controlled conditions, it also gives ash having amorphous silica, which has pozzolanic properties. Solid waste is concerned with waste tyres, has become a problem of interest because of its non-biodegradable nature. Tyre rubber wastes represent a major environmental problem of increasing significance. Most of the waste tyre rubbers are used as a fuel in many of the industries such as thermal power plant, cement kilns and brick kilns etc. this material can also be used for non load-bearing purposes such as noise reduction barriers. Investigations about rubber waste concrete show that concrete performance is very dependent on the waste aggregates. Further investigations are needed to clarify for instance which are the characteristics that maximize concrete performance.

Slump Cone Test and its Advantages and Limitations

Although, the slump cone test is not entirely satisfactory since it gives widely varying results and also does not give a true measure of workability but it is of value in the field as a control test and is useful in comparing the consistence of successive batches of concrete made with the same ingredients and is one of the simplest tests to carry out. Provided no change is made in the aggregate or its grading, slump cone tests will indicate whether correct water and cement contents are being maintained. For a given slump and aggregate grading, the water required for unit volume of concrete is constant irrespective of the change of cement content. The amount of slump depends not only on the amount of water in the mix but also on the nature of the aggregate ; rounded stones give a greater slump than angular stones for the same mixture.

Engineering Drawing Scales

There is a wide variation in sizes for engineering objects. Some are very large (eg. Aero planes, rockets, etc) Some are vey small ( wrist watch, MEMs components)
There is a need to reduce or enlarge while drawing the objects on paper. Some objects can be drawn to their actual size. The proportion by which the drawing of aan object is enlarged or reduced is called the scale of the drawing.

Definition
A scale is defined as the ratio of the linear dimensions of the object as  represented in a drawing to the actual dimensions of the same.

·        Drawings drawn with the same size as the objects are called full sized drawing.

·        It is not convenient, always, to draw drawings of the object to its actual size. e.g. Buildings,

·        Heavy machines, Bridges, Watches, Electronic devices etc.

·        Hence scales are used to prepare drawing at

o   Full size

o   Reduced size 

o   Enlarged size

BIS Recommended Scales are shown in table 1.

Intermediate scales can be used in exceptional cases where recommended scales can not be applied for functional reasons.

Useful Civil Engineering Apps

Hello friends,

So here are some Must have Android civil engineering apps, download these for Useful work& reference, Instead of wasting Time just have a look on these for every day.

links are in corresponding Apps Name, just click on the app name for the purpose of Download.

1) Civil Sutra      

If you are an engineer you probably already know sometimes how hard it is to do the manual calculation on site and searching for various data and details. Maybe sometimes you think there must be a better way to solving the routine problems that make my work easy, effortless and less painful. If you think so, the Civil Sutra is exact solution for you that you have been looking for a very long time. With Civil Sutra you can do tedious task just in few clicks.

2)Civil Quantity Estimator

First the quantity calculations are started off with structural elements. Structural elements involves any element related with internal structure such as foundation, column, beams, steel, blockwork etc. Later stages in the finishing of the structure such as plastering, painting, furniture etc.
Hence, at the first start off this app works on the calculation of structural elements namely column, beam, concrete wall and steel (Reinforcement).

3)Civil engineering Basics

Complete Free handbook of Civil Engineering for Engineering students with diagrams and graphs. It also brings the blog where you can contribute your work in addition to university, research & Industry news on the subject.

4) Civil Engineering Dictionary  

Contain all the words related to civil engineering it include design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works like roads, bridges, canals, dams, and buildings.Each word contain their meaning and short description of term used in this.It is useful for education as well as other related field with serach option.

5) Beam Design

This intuitive and feature rich finite element app is especially useful for civil engineers, mechanical engineers, architects and students who wish to design continuous beams.

You may input and edit hyperstatic beams, forces, supports etc both graphically and textually. The calculations are performed transparently in the background without disturbing your work and presented almost immediately.