Base Isolators Used in Etabs

This is a simple video showing the Base Isolator used in etabs:
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Things to know about Concrete

Concrete 

        Plain concrete, commonly known as concrete, is an intimate mixture of binding material, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water. This can be easily moulded to desired shape and size before it looses plasticity and hardens. Plain concrete is strong in compression but very weak in tension. The tensile property is introduced in concrete by inducting different materials and this attempt has given rise to RCC, RBC, PSC, FRC, cellular concrete and Ferro cement. In this post proportioning, mixing, curing, properties, tests and uses of plain concrete is dealt in detail. The other improved versions of concrete are explained and their special properties and uses are Discussed in this post.

Retaining Walls – Types, Design, Stability

Retaining walls may be defined as a wall built to resist the pressure of liquid, earth filling, sand, or other granular material filled behind it after it is built. It is commonly required in the construction of hill roads, masonry dams, abutments and wingwalls of bridges and so on. Depending upon the site conditions, type of material to be retained and the height of the wall to be constructed, retaining wall may be built in dry Stone masonry, stone masonry, brick masonry, plain cement concrete and reinforced cement concrete.

Types of Retaining Walls:

Some of the types of Retaining Walls are,

1. Gravity Retaining walls
2. Cantilever Walls
3. Counterfort walls
4. Buttress Walls

Dry Stone Retaining Walls:

This is the simplest form of retaining wall. The stability of such walls depends upon the arrangement of stones in the wall and the friction between the individual stones. The stones used in the wall should be of large size and roughly hammer-dressed so as to ensure maximum bedding area. The wall should have a minimum top width of 60 cm. and the front face should have a batter varying from 1 in 4 to 1 in 3. The batter of I in 4 is adopted for walls lesser than 4.5 m in height. In principle, the height of dry stone masonry wall should be restricted to 6 m. For walls above 4.5 m in height, the upper 4.5 m of the walls is usually built of dry rubble stone masonry and the portion below this height is built with mortar.

The stones used in the wall construction are laid at right angle to the face baller. A proper bond is maintained and the front and the rear faces of the wall are nicely bonded with the hearting. The filling immediately behind the wall should consist of stone chips gravel or similar granular material and not earth. 75 to 100 mm. square weep-holes should be provided in the wall at 2m c/c vertically and horizontally to drain off the water from the filling behind. The wall has been shown in figure 943 on page (252).

Dry Stone Pitching or Revetment:

It is generally provided to protect the slopping face of an earthen cutting or embankment from erosion. Stones used, should be perfectly sound and roughly cut to fit in the shape of the pitching. In case of channels and dams, pitching should be carried at least 90 cm. above the high flood level and to ensure its stability, the toe should be prevented from slipping by suitable construction. The slopes of embankment should not be steeper than 1:1, a slope of 1½ : 1 being usually adopted. The thickness of pitching varies from 30 cm. to 75 cm. Selected stones are tightly hand packed and all the interstices are filled up with smaller pieces of stone and wedged up tight. Every stone in pitching is laid flat and no projecting stones are allowed.

Concrete Curing Methods – Curing of Concrete

What is Curing:

It may be defined as the operation of keeping a freshly placed concrete moist during a specified period after its finishing to ensure complete hydration of cement particles or other cementing material for obtaining a properly hardened concrete.

The concrete starts attaining its strength immediately after its setting is completed, and it continues to gain strength thereafter along with time. About 90% of concrete strength is attained in the first 28 days and its value is generally known ad design strength. Development of the concrete strength is primarily due to hydration of cement which takes place only in the presence of water. It is therefore necessary that water in the capillaries in prevented from evaporating. For proper hydration of cement particles in a freshly placed and compacted concrete, a proper environment of humidity and temperature needs be maintained. This process is called ‘curing’

Compaction Factor Test – Workability of Concrete

Compaction Factor Test is designed in such a way that it can be used only in laboratory but in some cases, it can be used for field concrete tests. The compacting factor test has been developed at the Road Research Laboratory in United Kingdom. This test is one of the most accurate test performed in order to determine the workability of concrete.

The apparatus of compaction factor test is shown below.

COMPACTING FACTOR TEST APPARATUS

Mega Structure 6 - Akashi Kaikyo Bridge

Akashi Kaikyō Bridge, also called “Pearl Bridge”, is located in Japan and considered as Japan’s finest engineering feat. Akashi Kaikyō Bridge is the world’s longest suspension bridge in the world with a length of 3911 meters (12,831 ft). The Akashi Kaikyō Bridge serves as a link between the city of Kobe and Iwaya by crossing the Akashi strait. The construction was finished in a span of 12 years which actually begin in the year 1986 and completed in the year 1998. The bridge plays an important role in providing three routes across the inland sea.

Top Super Expressways of India

India, a developing country has world’s third largest road network but when we talk about expressways, we can hardly name a few like Mumbai-Pune Expressway and Delhi-Gurgaon Expressway. So we decided to tell you about some of the other expressways in India.

Here is the list of India’s top Super Expressways

1) Ahmedabad Vadodara Expressway
Ahmedabad Vadodara Expressway is 95 km long and joins Ahmedabad and Baroda in Gujarat. It is also referred as National Expressway 1. This expressway was opened to public in 2004 and was constructed under the Golden Quadrilateral Project by NHAI.

2) Mumbai-Pune Expressway
Mumbai-Pune Expressway (official name is the Yashwantrao Chavan Expressway) is 93 km long and is considered as one of the best expressways in India. It is India’s first six lane high speed expressway and was made by Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation (MSRDC) at a staggering cost of Rs 1,630 crore (US$363.49 million). It was opened to public in April 2002

3) Jaipur-Kishangarh Expressway
Jaipur-Kishangarh Expressway is 90km long and it connects Jaipur with Kishangarh. It was constructed under the Golden Quadrilateral National Highways Development Project and its cost was USD 154 million. More than 20,000 vehicles pass from this highway everyday.

4) Allahabad Bypass
Allahabad Bypass covers a distance of 86 km and is one of the most remarkable achievements of the Golden Quadrilateral project. It connects India’s four main metropolians New Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai and Chennai.

Mega Structure 5 - World One

World One is a supertall residential skyscraper under construction in Mumbai, India. It is located in Lower Parel, South Mumbai on the 7.1-hectare (17.5-acre) site of the defunct Shrinivas Mill. The site also houses two other towers—World View and World Crest. World One is being built at an estimated cost of over US$320 million. Construction began in 2011, and is expected to be completed in 2018. Once complete, World One will be the tallest building in India, and the tallest residential tower in the world.

Lodha’s World One will bring India’s name in the list of some of the world re-known engineering projects as it will be the tallest residential tower in the world.

Project Details and Costing
Location- Upper Worli, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.

Site Area – 17.5 acre

Land Acquired from Srinivas Cotton Mills By Lodha Group for Rs 250 crore (US$40 million)

Project Cost – Rs 20 billion (US$320 million)

Expected Revenue from Sales – Rs 50 billion (US$800 million)

Architect 
Pei Cobb Freed & Partners are the architects for World One. This company has more than 200 awards for design excellence which include 24 AIA National Honor Awards.

Structural Engineer
Leslie E. Robertson Associates (LERA) are the ones doing structure designs for this project. They have vast experience in designing tall buildings as their earlier projects included the Shanghai World Financial Center, Bitexco Financial Tower, World Trade Center in New York.

Mega Structure 4 - Chenani – Nashri Tunnel

Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Sunday dedicated Asia's longest bi-directional road tunnel on the Jammu-Srinagar National Highway to the nation. The Chenani-Nashri tunnel will cut down travel time between Jammu and Srinagar by two hours.

Modi was accompanied by Road Transport and Highways and Shipping Minister Nitin Gadkari and Minister of State for PMO and MP from Kathua-Udhampur constituency, Jitendra Singh.

The Rs 2,519-crore all-weather tunnel is equipped with world-class safety features and has been built in a record four years on the hilly terrain of Jammu and Kashmir, Road Transport and Highways Minister Nitin Gadkari had said earlier.

"This state-of-the-art 10.89-km tunnel between Udhampur and Ramban in Jammu and Kashmir, an engineering marvel on the most difficult terrain of the Himalayas, was built in a record four years," the minister had said.

Mixing and Batching of Mortar And Concrete Ingredients

ABSTRACT:
A concrete plant, also known as batch plant is device that combines various ingredients to form concrete. In general, it is a process of combining all ingredients of concrete as per the mix design. Batching and mixing are extremely important parts of mortar and concrete manufactures they influence properties of concrete both in plastic as well as in hardened stages. Also, it is one of the important processes, which is to be done to obtain a quality concrete. Many processes are carried out in various parts of the world with many changes and different equipment. There are various types of batching and mixing equipment and methods that is to say from manual to most sophisticated computerized batching and mixing. Mechanization improves quality of batching and mixing, its speed and thereby can most often result in economy.There are number of factors which are to be considered while doing the process which are discussed in this paper. Moreover, the machinery, which is to be required while making concrete or for batching process and discharging and unloading of the mixture, are also discussed in brief.

1.0 INTRODUCTION:

Concrete is the most widely used construction material in the world. This material is not going to be easily replaced by any other material on account of its economical as well as the technical advantage.This material is generally produced at the site in our country and therefore needs to be carefully supervised and controlled in order that it performs the way it is technically expected to perform.

Concrete is made from raw materials such as cement, natural and manufactured aggregates, water and at times concrete additives (chemicals). It is worth noting that cement and aggregates are manufactured or obtained from natural solid stone, which is quarried, crushed, screened and processed to give the required physical and chemical properties.

This paper covers the batching and mixing process of concrete manufacture. The processes of batching and mixing of concrete or mortar materials are very similar to preparations of a dish in cookery as per a recipe wherein various ingredients depending on their individual properties have to be mixed in correct proportions to give the required flavour and taste.

Plastic Cracking of Concrete

1.0 INTRODUCTION:
Cracking is one of the major issues in concrete. Since concrete has various physical and chemical properties it is prone to cracking. Its elimination is not possible totally but it can be restricted or reduced to a certain extent. Mostly, cracking goes on a microscopic scale and does not appear visibly as a fault. If the cracking goes on a macroscopic scale it can result in loss of strength, stability and durability. It can also cause decrease in sound insulation and overall efficiency besides affects aesthetics to a greater extent.

The main causes of cracking are as follows:

• Ageing – Carbonation
• Foundation problems
• Weathering Actions
• Improper or modified use of the structure
• Poor maintenance
• Progressive loading
• Deficiencies in design
• Poor quality of concrete material
• Improper concrete mix
• Movement of concrete arising from physical properties
• Poor workmanship and negligence
• Over troweling and impermeable formwork
• Reduced continuity of the structural member
• Defects and errors in construction practices
• Improper structural repairs or modification
• Chemical attacks by Chlorides and Sulphates
• Differential thermal stress – Heat of hydration of cement

Since, prevention is better than cure it is always preferable to prevent cracking to a certain or a possible extent than to think of repairs in the future due to various reasons. One of the frequent occurrences of cracking of concrete is due to plastic shrinkage of plastic settlement. This paper deals with various aspect of these types of cracking.

2.0 OCCURRENCE OF PLASTIC CRACKING:

Both plastic shrinkage and plastic settlement cracks occur within a few minutes or hours of concrete placing and finishing. They occur when concrete is still in plastic state and has not fully hardened. They can be seen as early as 10 minutes from the time of placing and finishing to as late as 3 hours after placing.

The plastic cracks are of two types:
1. Plastic settlement Cracks
2. Plastic shrinkage Cracks

The Effect of Bagasse Ash and Rubber Tyre Waste in Concrete

Abstract
The utilization of industrial and agricultural waste produced by industrial process has been the focus on waste reduction research for economical, environmental and technical reasons. SCBA is a fibrous waste product of the sugar refining industry, along with ethanol vapour. Bagasse ash mainly contains aluminium ion and silica. The use of SCBA as a pozzolonic material for producing high strength concrete. OPC is partially replaced with finely SCBA. At present the disposal of waste tyre is becoming a major waste management problem in the world. In this project, the bagasse ash has been chemically and physically characterized and partially replaced in the ratio of 0%, 5%, 15% and 25% by weight of cement in concrete. The mix proportion for M30 grade concrete was derived. Rubber tyre waste has been used as coarse aggregate with replacement of conventional coarse aggregate and it is taken as constant of 10%.

INTRODUCTION 
Ordinary Portland cement is the most extensively used construction material in the world. Portland cement is the conventional building material that actually is responsible for about 5%-8% of global CO2 emissions. This environmental problem will most likely be increased due to exponential demand of Portland cement. Today we are focusing on ways of utilizing either industrial or agricultural waste, as a source of raw materials for industry. This waste, utilization would not only be economical, but may also result in foreign exchange earnings and environmental pollution control. Several researchers and even the Portland cement industry are investigating alternatives to produce green building materials. Industrial wastes, such as blast furnace slag, fly ash and silica fume are being used as supplementary cement replacement materials. Agro wastes such as rice husk ash, wheat straw ash, hazel nutshell and sugarcane bagasse ash are used as pozzolanic materials for the development of concrete. Currently, there has been an attempt to utilize the large amount of bagasse ash, the residue from an in-line sugar industry and the bagasse-biomass fuel in electric generation industry. When this waste is burned under controlled conditions, it also gives ash having amorphous silica, which has pozzolanic properties. Solid waste is concerned with waste tyres, has become a problem of interest because of its non-biodegradable nature. Tyre rubber wastes represent a major environmental problem of increasing significance. Most of the waste tyre rubbers are used as a fuel in many of the industries such as thermal power plant, cement kilns and brick kilns etc. this material can also be used for non load-bearing purposes such as noise reduction barriers. Investigations about rubber waste concrete show that concrete performance is very dependent on the waste aggregates. Further investigations are needed to clarify for instance which are the characteristics that maximize concrete performance.

Slump Cone Test and its Advantages and Limitations

Although, the slump cone test is not entirely satisfactory since it gives widely varying results and also does not give a true measure of workability but it is of value in the field as a control test and is useful in comparing the consistence of successive batches of concrete made with the same ingredients and is one of the simplest tests to carry out. Provided no change is made in the aggregate or its grading, slump cone tests will indicate whether correct water and cement contents are being maintained. For a given slump and aggregate grading, the water required for unit volume of concrete is constant irrespective of the change of cement content. The amount of slump depends not only on the amount of water in the mix but also on the nature of the aggregate ; rounded stones give a greater slump than angular stones for the same mixture.

Engineering Drawing Scales

There is a wide variation in sizes for engineering objects. Some are very large (eg. Aero planes, rockets, etc) Some are vey small ( wrist watch, MEMs components)
There is a need to reduce or enlarge while drawing the objects on paper. Some objects can be drawn to their actual size. The proportion by which the drawing of aan object is enlarged or reduced is called the scale of the drawing.

Definition
A scale is defined as the ratio of the linear dimensions of the object as  represented in a drawing to the actual dimensions of the same.

·        Drawings drawn with the same size as the objects are called full sized drawing.

·        It is not convenient, always, to draw drawings of the object to its actual size. e.g. Buildings,

·        Heavy machines, Bridges, Watches, Electronic devices etc.

·        Hence scales are used to prepare drawing at

o   Full size

o   Reduced size 

o   Enlarged size

BIS Recommended Scales are shown in table 1.

Intermediate scales can be used in exceptional cases where recommended scales can not be applied for functional reasons.

Useful Civil Engineering Apps

Hello friends,

So here are some Must have Android civil engineering apps, download these for Useful work& reference, Instead of wasting Time just have a look on these for every day.

links are in corresponding Apps Name, just click on the app name for the purpose of Download.

1) Civil Sutra      

If you are an engineer you probably already know sometimes how hard it is to do the manual calculation on site and searching for various data and details. Maybe sometimes you think there must be a better way to solving the routine problems that make my work easy, effortless and less painful. If you think so, the Civil Sutra is exact solution for you that you have been looking for a very long time. With Civil Sutra you can do tedious task just in few clicks.

2)Civil Quantity Estimator

First the quantity calculations are started off with structural elements. Structural elements involves any element related with internal structure such as foundation, column, beams, steel, blockwork etc. Later stages in the finishing of the structure such as plastering, painting, furniture etc.
Hence, at the first start off this app works on the calculation of structural elements namely column, beam, concrete wall and steel (Reinforcement).

3)Civil engineering Basics

Complete Free handbook of Civil Engineering for Engineering students with diagrams and graphs. It also brings the blog where you can contribute your work in addition to university, research & Industry news on the subject.

4) Civil Engineering Dictionary  

Contain all the words related to civil engineering it include design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works like roads, bridges, canals, dams, and buildings.Each word contain their meaning and short description of term used in this.It is useful for education as well as other related field with serach option.

5) Beam Design

This intuitive and feature rich finite element app is especially useful for civil engineers, mechanical engineers, architects and students who wish to design continuous beams.

You may input and edit hyperstatic beams, forces, supports etc both graphically and textually. The calculations are performed transparently in the background without disturbing your work and presented almost immediately.

Mega Structure - LARGEST HYDROELECTRIC DAM

Hydroelectric dam that spans the Yangtze River by the town of Sandouping, located in Yiling
District, Yichang, Hubei province, China. The Three Gorges Dam is the world’s largest power station in terms of installed capacity (22,500 MW) but is second to Itaipu Dam with regard to the generation of electricity annually.

Engineering Projects India Ltd Recruitment 2015

Engineering Projects (India) Limited (A Government of India Enterprise) requires Experienced Professionals for the following positions to be appointed on regular basis against backlog reserved vacancies and current vacancies. Competent candidates are required to fill Online Registration form on or before 25th November 2015.

ADVT. NO. RECTT/1-2015

Post Name	Total Vacancies	Age Limit	Pay Scale
Deputy General Manager (Civil)	09	43 Years	₹ 32900-58000 (E-5)
Deputy General Manager (Electrical)	03	43 Years	₹ 32900-58000 (E-5)
Deputy General Manager (Electronics & Communication/ Electronics & Instrumentation)	01	43 Years	₹ 32900-58000 (E-5)
Deputy General Manager (Mechanical)	02	43 Years	₹ 32900-58000 (E-5)
Deputy General Manager (Finance)	03	43 Years	₹ 32900-58000 (E-5)
Manager GR- I (Civil)	06	35 Years	₹ 24900-50500 (E-3)
Manager GR- I (Finance)	02	35 Years	₹ 24900-50500 (E-3)
Manager GR- I (Planning & Monitoring)	01	35 Years	₹ 24900-50500 (E-3)
Manager GR- I (IT)	01	35 Years	₹ 24900-50500 (E-3)
Manager GR-II (Civil)	12	33 Years	₹ 20600-46500 (E-2)
Manager GR-II (Electrical)	02	33 Years	₹ 20600-46500 (E-2)
Manager GR-II (Mechanical)	02	33 Years	₹ 20600-46500 (E-2)
Manager GR- II (Finance)	03	33 Years	₹ 20600-46500 (E-2)
Manager GR-II (Legal)	02	33 Years	₹ 20600-46500 (E-2)
Manager GR-II (HR)	03	33 Years	₹ 20600-46500 (E-2)
Assistant Manager (Finance)	05	30 Years	₹ 16400-40500 (E-1)
Assistant Manager (Technical -Petroleum)	01	30 Years	₹ 16400-40500 (E-1)
Assistant Manager (HR)	03	30 Years	₹ 16400-40500 (E-1)
Assistant Manager (IT)	03	30 Years	₹ 16400-40500 (E-1)

Facts You Didn’t Know about 5 Famous Projects

You work hard. The people on the projects mentioned below worked hard. Take a break and ready some fun facts about these 5 famous construction projects.

1. Hoover Dam

1. Architect Gordon Kauffman wanted to emphasize how large and imposing the dam is, which is why the wall is smooth and completely visible.
2. Its 6.6 million tons of concrete are enough to pave a road from San Francisco to New York City.
3. Las Vegas would not exist without the Hoover Dam to supply energy and water.

2. One World Trade Center

1. Reaches 1776 ft high – a number chosen to symbolize the year the U.S. Declaration of Independence was signed.
2. It generates its own power internally, and is one of the greenest buildings in the world.
3. Built to pay homage to the past but also be a beacon of hope for the future.

IS Codes for Civil Engineers

Here are the IS codes which cater to the need of civil engineering relating to Cement and Concrete. These IS codes include the Standardization in the field of all types of cement, pozzolana, testing sand, concrete, aggregates, instruments for cement and concrete testing, cement plant machinery and ferrocement concrete, reinforced concrete and pre-stressed concrete, test methods for concrete, concrete production and execution of concrete structures, performance requirements for structural concrete, non-traditional reinforcing materials for concrete structures and cement and lime.

List of Codes :- 

IS 269:1989 – Specification for ordinary Portland cement, 33 grade

IS 383:1970 – Specification for coarse and fine aggregates from natural sources for concrete

IS 455:1989 Specification for Portland slag cement

IS 456:2000 Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete

IS 457:1957 Code Of Practice For General Construction Of Plain And Reinforced Concrete For Dams And Other Massive Structures

IS 875 (Part 1):1987 Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other Than Earthquake) For Buildings and Structures.Part 1: Dead Loads--Unit Weights of Building Materials and Stored Materials (Second Revision)

IS 875 (Part 2): Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other Than Earthquake) For Buildings and Structures.Part 2: Imposed Loads (Second Revision)

IS 875 (Part 3): Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other Than Earthquake) For Buildings and Structures.Part 3: Wind Loads (Second Revision)

IS 875 (Part 4): Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other Than Earthquake) For Buildings and Structures.Part 4: Snow Loads (Second Revision)

IS 875 (Part 5): Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other Than Earthquake) For Buildings and Structures.Part 5: Special Loads and Load Combinations (Second Revision)

IS 516:1959 Method of test for strength of concrete

IS 650:1991 Specification for standard sand for testing of cement

IS 1199:1959 Methods of sampling and analysis of concrete

IS 1343:1980 Code of practice for prestressed concrete

IS 1344:1981 Specification for calcined clay pozzolana

MEGA STRUCTURE 1- Hoover Dam

Hoover dam is America's most famous landmark, completed in 1935. It was the most colossal structure in the world at that time. This great American icon was to be the largest and heaviest dam, producing the largest amount of Hydroelectric power in the world. 21000 men took part in its construction and of them 112 laid their lives to complete this megastructure. Though its not the superior dam today but still most famous, iconic and greatest dam ever built. Situated in Mojave desert, 30 Km south-east of Las Vegas. Built on Colorado River at Black Canyon, the construction site was extremely difficult. The risks involved were huge and the consequences could have been catastrophic, if the dam failed. Hoover Dam is 221 m high, 201 meters thick and 3.4 million cubic meters of concrete has been used in it.

Why Hoover Dam was Constructed? Colorado, worlds one of the most powerful and unpredictable rivers, would break its banks in every spring and flood the area. The Government instructed the Bureau of Reclamation to come up with a solution and they decided to build world's largest dam. The site chosen for the megastructure Hoover Dam was Black Canyon. It is an 800 ft high deep gorge through which the river flowed. The spot, Black canyon is in the middle of the desert, so there was no infrastructure, no labors, no transportation and the weather too was harsh. Frank Crow, was the Chief Engineer of Hoover Dam and was assigned the job to get it completed in the span from 1931 - 1935. The construction of Hoover took 7 years at a cost of $ 125 million. Nowadays this amount is about 788 million pounds. If the dam was not completed in the given time it would have cost the contractors $ 3000 / day in financial penalties.